Malawi is a narrow, landlocked country in south-eastern Africa, with a great lake running along much of its eastern side and highland plateaux rising above the Rift Valley floor. Its electricity has long depended heavily on hydropower from the river that drains the lake. That reliance on one source, in a country where droughts happen, is the main reason wind and solar attract attention. This page gives general background only. For current figures and plans, check official sources such as the energy ministry, regulator and national utility.
Too much reliance on one river
When most power comes from hydro plants on a single river system, a dry spell can quickly mean power cuts. Low lake levels, silt from eroded hillsides and weeds clogging intakes can also reduce output. Adding solar diversifies supply, and because dry periods often bring clearer skies, solar can help when hydro struggles. Our power cuts explainer looks at what happens when supply falls short.
Sunshine on the plateaux
Malawi generally enjoys good sunshine, especially in the dry season. Highland areas combine strong sun with cooler temperatures that help panels perform. The rainy season brings heavier cloud, so annual estimates have to allow for that.
What about wind?
Wind is less discussed than solar. The Rift Valley, lake shores and high ground can create local wind patterns, such as breezes off the lake, and some sites may be worth measuring. Without long-term data at turbine height, nobody can say whether a site is viable.
Landlocked logistics
Equipment has to arrive through a neighbour's port and travel overland, adding cost and delay. Smaller, modular solar components are easier to move than large turbine blades.
Most people off the grid
A large share of the population lives in rural areas without grid power. Solar home systems, solar water pumps for farming and village mini-grids can reach them faster than new power lines. Affordability, maintenance and payment schemes are the big practical questions.
Linking with neighbours
Connecting Malawi's grid to neighbouring countries would allow it to import power during droughts and share reserves. Interconnections take time and depend on agreements between governments and utilities.
Questions to ask
- How does a project reduce dependence on hydro in dry years?
- Who buys the power, and are payments reliable?
- How are rural customers expected to pay?
Explore further
Compare with Zambia, Mozambique and Tanzania, or browse the Country Notes.